lung cancer.
Lung cancer
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Lung cancer :
Lung cancer and smoking are the two corners of a see-saw, which go hand in hand. Passive exposure to tobacco smoke can also be a cause of pulmonary carcinoma. There are two types of lung cancer namely, small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). The stage of lung cancer is determined by the severity to which cancer has spread in the body. As the lung cancer stage advances, symptoms like coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, bloody mucus, becomes more expressive. The more cigarettes smoked per day and the earlier age to start smoking, the greater the risk of lung cancer. High levels of pollution, radiation, and asbestos exposure may also increase risk. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation.
lung cancer staging: is the assessment of the extent to which a lung cancer has spread from its original source. As with most cancers, staging is an important determinant of treatment and prognosis. In general, more advanced stages of cancer are less amenable to treatment and have a worse prognosis.
The initial evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer staging uses the TNM classification. This is based on the size of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. After this, using the TNM descriptors, a group is assigned, ranging from occult cancer, through stage 0, IA (one-A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB to IV (four). This stage group assists with the choice of treatment and estimate of prognosis.
People with non-small cell lung cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. People with small cell lung cancer are usually treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Targeted therapy of lung cancer refers to using agents specifically designed to selectively target molecular pathways responsible for, or that substantially drive, the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells, and as a consequence of this (relative) selectivity, cause fewer toxic effects on normal cells.
Most previous chemotherapy drugs for cancer were (relatively) nonselective in their activity. Although their exact mechanisms of action were varied and complex, they generally worked by damaging cells undergoing mitosis, which is usually more common in malignant tumors than in most normal tissues. Targeted agents are designed to be selective in their effects by modulating the activity of proteins necessary and essential for oncogenesis and maintenance of cancer, particularly enzymes driving the uncontrolled growth, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and metastasis characteristic of malignant tumors. The increased differential activity usually results in fewer troubling side effects for cancer patients, particularly less nausea, vomiting, and death of cells in the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract, and increased effectiveness against tumor cells.
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With Regards
Rose Jackson
Auditorial Assistant
Journal of lung